Recent developments and future trends in distinct element methods – UDEC/3DEC and PFC codes

Abstract

ABSTRACT: The Distinct Element Method was proposed by Cundall in 1971 as a numerical technique to study rock mechanics problems, based on the representation of a rock mass as a system of blocks or particles. In recent years, the concepts underlying such ‘discontinuum’ ap-proaches were adopted in numerous other fields, and a multitude of formulations and codes were developed by many researchers. In this paper, the characteristic features of the codes UDEC/3DEC and PFC, ultimately descending from Cundall’s original ideas, are analyzed with reference to various recent applications, within the global context of discrete element modeling. Modeling needs and trends of development in this field are finally discussed.